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  1. 1. GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF RESEARCH REPORTS, DISSERTATIONS AND THESES Institute of Graduate Studies University of Malaya 2013
  2. 2. i TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 1 1. FORMAT OF WRITING 1.1 Conventional Format 1.2 Article Style Format 1.3 Thesis by Published Papers 2 2 3 5 2. SEQUENCE OF CONTENTS 2.1 Preface 2.1.1 Title Page 2.1.2 Original Literary Work Declaration Form 2.1.3 Abstract 2.1.4 Acknowledgements / Dedications 2.1.5 Table of Contents 2.1.6 List of Figures 2.1.7 List of Tables 2.1.8 List of Symbols and Abbreviations 2.1.9 List of Appendices 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 2.2 Text 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Literature Review 2.2.3 Materials and Methods / Methodology 2.2.4 Results 10 11 11 11 12
  3. 3. ii 2.2.5 Discussion 2.2.6 Conclusion 2.2.7 References 12 12 12 2.3 Supplementary 2.3.1 List of Publications and Papers Presented 2.3.2 Appendix 13 13 13 3. FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 Paper Quality, Printing and Duplicating 3.1.1 Typing and Printing Quality 3.1.2 Line Spacing 3.1.3 Margins 3.1.4 Page Numbering 3.1.5 Numbering of Chapters and Sub-chapters 3.1.6 Footnotes 3.1.7 Tables 3.1.8 Figures 3.1.9 Binding 3.1.10 Length 3.1.11 Other Information 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 4. SUBMISSION 20 5. MISCELLANOUS INFORMATION 5.1 References 5.2 Units of Measurement 5.3 Research Ethics 21 21 21 21
  4. 4. iii APPENDIX A Three Months Notice Submission APPENDIX B Submission of Thesis/Dissertation for Examination/Re-Examination Form APPENDIX C Final Submission of Thesis/Dissertation Form APPENDIX D1 Front Cover APPENDIX D2 Front Cover Format APPENDIX D3 Sample of Softbound Copy (Submission for Examination) APPENDIX D4 Sample of Hardbound Copy (Final Submission) APPENDIX E1 Spine Format APPENDIX E2 Spine Format Example APPENDIX F Electronic Soft copy Format APPENDIX G1 Title Page (Research Report) APPENDIX G2 Title Page (Dissertation) 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
  5. 5. iv APPENDIX G3 Title Page (Thesis) APPENDIX H1 Original Literary Work Declaration Form (English) APPENDIX H2 Original Literary Work Declaration Form (Malay) APPENDIX J1 Sample of Abstract (Social Sciences) APPENDIX J2 Sample of Abstract (Science) APPENDIX K Example of Main Body 35 36 37 38 39 40
  6. 6. 1 PREFACE In the process of completing a postgraduate programme in the University of Malaya and being awarded the degree, a candidate may be required to submit either a research report, a dissertation or a thesis, depending on the requirements of the specific programme. In view of this requirement, the Institute of Graduate Studies (IGS), University of Malaya has taken the initiative to provide general guidelines for the submission of research reports, dissertations and theses. These guidelines will assist candidates to meet the minimal format requirements set by the University to complete the final form of a research report, dissertation or thesis. However, the format may differ in each individual faculty, academy, institute or centre with its own additional requirements.
  7. 7. 2 1. FORMAT OF WRITING A research report, dissertation or thesis can be written in ONE of the following formats:  Conventional format  Article style format  Thesis by published papers (This option is only available for Doctoral candidates) These formats serve as a generic guideline for the postgraduate students in writing a research report/dissertation/thesis. Minor variation of the format as recommended by the supervisors is allowed. 1.1 CONVENTIONAL FORMAT The conventional format follows the traditional monograph structure. The structure of research report, dissertation or thesis that follows the conventional format should include the following: Preface  Title Page  Original Literary Work Declaration Form  Abstract  Abstrak  Acknowledgements / Dedication  Table of Contents  List of Figures  List of Tables  List of Symbols and Abbreviations  List of Appendices Main Body  Chapter 1: Introduction  Chapter 2: Literature Review  Chapter 3: Materials and Methods / Methodology  Chapter 4: Results  Chapter 5: Discussion  Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation  References (A consolidated list of references for all chapters) Supplementary  List of Publications and Papers Presented  Appendix
  8. 8. 3 1.2 ARTICLE STYLE FORMAT Apart from the conventional style of writing, a research report, dissertation or thesis can also be presented in the chapters that are in the format of journal article. The number of chapters to be included is at the discretion of the author, depending on the suitability of the chapters in answering the research questions. The article style format should not be confused with the format for thesis by published papers. Similar to the conventional format, a research report/dissertation/thesis in the article style format should be written extensively to elucidate the different aspects of the research work in great detail. The main body of a research report/dissertation/thesis in the article style format should contain the following chapters:  General Introduction The General Introduction gives an overview of the research by outlining the objectives, novelty as well as the research questions addressed. This chapter should also explain the correlation among the articles/chapters.  Literature Review The Literature Review provides extensive background information on past studies and current knowledge pertaining to the research topic.  Article 1, Article 2, Article 3 or more Each article should address a specific research objective or a related topic of the study. Each article forms a separate chapter and must be written in a cohesive manner with a logical and coordinated progression from one article/chapter to the other. The article/chapter should consist of its own sections on Introduction, brief Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion and Conclusion.  Conclusion and Recommendation The Conclusion chapter summarizes the findings in all articles and suggests the future direction for research. The format specifications of the research report/dissertation/thesis must conform to the general research report/dissertation/thesis requirements as outlined in the following chapters
  9. 9. 4 The general structure that follows the format by published papers should include the following: Preface  Title Page  Original Literary Work Declaration Form  Abstract  Abstrak  Acknowledgements / Dedication  Table of Contents  List of Figures  List of Tables  List of Symbols and Abbreviations  List of Appendices Main Body  Chapter 1: General Introduction  Chapter 2: Literature Review  Chapter 3: Article 1* 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.3 Materials and Methods / Methodology 3.4 Results 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusion  Chapter 4: Article 2* 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Materials and Methods / Methodology 4.4 Results 4.5 Discussion 4.6 Conclusion  Chapter 5: Article 3* 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Materials and Methods / Methodology 5.4 Results 5.5 Discussion 5.6 Conclusion  Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation
  10. 10. 5  References (A consolidated list of references for all chapters) Note: *Article is written with a specific title which normally refers to the research done Supplementary  List of Publications and Papers Presented  Appendix 1.3 THESIS BY PUBLISHED PAPERS The University of Malaya permits the presentation of thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the format of published and/or submitted papers, where such papers have been published or accepted by high impact journals (e.g.: ISI journals) during the period of candidature. Papers submitted as a PhD thesis must be based on a particular theme or focus and form a cohesive research write up. The quality of a thesis by published papers should be in accordance with PhD-level research. The guidelines for the format by published papers are as follows:  The theses may comprise published papers and/or manuscripts accepted for publication by high impact journals (e.g. ISI journals). The papers should be published or accepted for publication during the period of candidature.  The minimum number of papers and/or manuscripts is normally three. However, in some disciplines a larger number of papers is required to meet the expectations of scope and quality in accordance with PhD-level research.  Where the papers have more than one writer, the candidate must be the main writer of at least two out of three papers.  Normally, the theses shall include the following in addition to the components required of a standard thesis: a) list of publications and/or manuscripts; b) acknowledgments of joint writers and evidence of permissions; and c) published papers and accepted manuscripts.
  11. 11. 6  Each published paper or submitted manuscript must begin with a clear statement of the contribution made by each writer of any jointly written paper.  The thesis shall be prefaced by a synopsis which summarises the most important findings presented in each published paper or submitted manuscript. It should indicate how the included works are thematically linked or tied to a particular research framework and how, when considered together, they contribute significantly to knowledge in the discipline. The synopsis should be included in the ―Introduction‖ chapter.  The ―Introduction‖ chapter should contain: a) description of research problem investigated; b) objectives of the study; and c) account of research progress linking the research papers. The account of research progress must link together the various papers submitted as part of the thesis so that the reader can understand the logic behind the progression of the research programme.  The ―Literature Review‖ chapter must contain, in accordance with discipline norms, a critical review of relevant literature, identify the knowledge gaps and the relationship of the literature to the programme of research.  The ―Conclusion‖ chapter establishes the cumulative effect of the papers, the significance of the findings and the knowledge claim in the thesis.  Published or accepted papers must be presented coherently in the thesis according to the requirement of the University of Malaya (Degree of Doctor of Philosophy) Regulations 2007 including any accompanying declarations. The examination process for theses in the format of published papers is similar to that for conventional theses by research. Theses which have not achieved sufficient academic merit may be referred for further work within a period of between 6 to 18 months and be submitted for re-examination. In such cases, the candidate may choose to submit the thesis for re-examination in the same format or in the conventional PhD thesis format.
  12. 12. 7 The general structure that follows the format by published papers should include the following: Preface  Title Page  Original Literary Work Declaration Form  Abstract  Abstrak  Acknowledgements / Dedication  Table of Contents  List of Figures  List of Tables  List of Symbols and Abbreviations  List of Appendices Main Body  Chapter 1: Introduction  Chapter 2: Literature Review  Chapter 3: Published Paper 1 Published Paper 2 Published Paper 3 and so on  Chapter 4: Conclusion#  References (List of references for chapters of Introduction, Literature Review and Conclusion) Note: With reference to the "Guideline for PhD Thesis in the Format of Published Paper" (which is available on http://ips.um.edu.my), * Introduction chapter should include the information as stated in clause no. (5) and (6). # For the contents of Literature Review and Conclusion, please refer to clause no. (7) and (8), respectively. Supplementary  List of Publications and Papers Presented  Appendix
  13. 13. 8 2. SEQUENCE OF CONTENTS The structure of the research report, dissertation or thesis is based on a standard format which contains the three main sections; PREFACE, TEXT and SUPPLEMENTARY. 2.1 PREFACE This section consists in order of the following:  TITLE PAGE  ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM  ABSTRACT  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DEDICATION  TABLE OF CONTENTS  LIST OF FIGURES  LIST OF TABLES  LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS  LIST OF APPENDICES 2.1.1 TITLE PAGE The title page is the first page after the front cover and should include: a) The final research title which has been approved by the Faculty; b) Name of candidate according to the registration records; c) The statement as the following (according to mode of programme): Master (Coursework Mode) - Research Report Master (Mixed-Mode and Research Mode) - Dissertation Doctoral - Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE (name of the Faculty) UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF (Name of Programme) DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF (Name of Programme) THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF (Name of Programme) d) The year of submission.
  14. 14. 9 This page is the first page of Roman numeral page number but it is not numbered. The text should be typed using font type Times New Roman, font size 14 with 1.15 pt. line spacing. Please refer to Appendices G1, G2 and G3 for examples of the title page. 2.1.2 ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM This form must be completed by the candidate and signed by a witness. The original signed form must be included in all copies of the research report/dissertation/thesis. Please refer to the example of the form as given in Appendix H1 and H2. The form can be downloaded from the IGS website. Please go to ―Current Students‖, then "Home‖ and click the "Download Form" section. 2.1.3 ABSTRACT An abstract is a short summary of the research report/dissertation/thesis. An abstract should briefly describe the rationale and objectives (problem statement), the methodology, as well as the findings and conclusion of the research. An abstract must not exceed 500 words, double-spaced, and written in bahasa Malaysia and English. Where the language of the thesis is other than bahasa Malaysia or English, an abstract in that language must also be included. Both versions must have respective titles. The Abstract page is assigned Roman numeral "iii" and the following pages should be numbered consecutively. For examples, please refer to Appendices J1 and J2. 2.1.4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DEDICATIONS Most research reports, dissertations or theses include a message to convey appreciation to those who have been involved and provided their assistance directly or indirectly in the preparation of the study. This is optional and should not exceed a single page, which is numbered in Roman numeral accordingly. 2.1.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Table of Contents lists the chapters, topics and sub-topics together with their page numbers. Sub-topics and topics should be labelled according to the chapter, for e.g.: CHAPTER 1 1.1 Topic 1 1.1.1 Sub-topic 1
  15. 15. 10 CHAPTER 2 2.1 Topic 1 2.1.1 Sub-topic 1 This numbering system provides a clear picture of the relationship between chapters and topics and shows how they are connected. 2.1.6 LIST OF FIGURES This list contains the titles of figures, together with their page numbers, which are found throughout the text. For e.g., figures in Chapter 1 are numbered sequentially: Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2. 2.1.7 LIST OF TABLES This list contains the titles of tables, together with their page numbers, which are listed in the text. The numbering system is according to chapter, for e.g.: tables in Chapter 1 are numbered sequentially: Table 1.1, Table 1.2. 2.1.8 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS The symbols, abbreviations, nomenclature and terminology that are used in the text must be listed down accordingly. For further information on spelling and abbreviations, candidates are advised to refer to the latest edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary published by Oxford University Press. 2.1.9 LIST OF APPENDICES This list is optional and contains the titles of appendices placed in the supplementary section. 2.2 TEXT Candidates and supervisors should ensure that the text follows the agreed conventions of the individual Faculty. The text in the research report/dissertation/thesis must be organised following the guidelines as mentioned below:  Text must be organised in titled chapters.  The titles must reflect the content of the chapter.  Every chapter must begin on a new page.  Chapters can be divided into sub-chapters with corresponding sub-titles.  Titles and sub-titles must be numbered.
  16. 16. 11 There is no restriction on the total number of chapters in a research report/dissertation/thesis. The number of chapters differs according to the field of study conducted by the candidate whether it is science-based or social-science-based. However the content of the chapters may differ according to the candidate's research or conventions of individual Faculty. The following structure acts as a guideline and it is not compulsory to follow. Generally, a research report/dissertation/thesis will have the following basic structure:  INTRODUCTION  LITERATURE REVIEW  METHODOLOGY  DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS  DISCUSSION  CONCLUSION  REFERENCES Items in the structure are divided into separate chapters and the descriptions of these chapters are as follows: 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter contains the introduction to the issues in which the research is concerned with, the aims and objectives of the study, and the scope or outline of the research approach as well as the structure of the research report/dissertation/thesis. 2.2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field or topic of study. It consists of a critically written and comprehensive account of the published works on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. A critical literature review is a critical assessment of the relevant literature. It is directly related to the thesis, providing information on theories, models, materials and techniques used in the research. The literature review should be comprehensive and include recent publications. 2.2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / METHODOLOGY This chapter describes and explains the materials as well as the research methodology used in the study. The sub-topics for this chapter include the key research questions, the research design, and the research procedures adopted. It may also, where appropriate, indicate sampling methods, research instruments and statistical methods employed. The purpose of this is to inform the reader on the methods used to collect the data and generate the findings reported.
  17. 17. 12 2.2.4 RESULTS This chapter explains the results which are commonly presented in the form of text, figures and tables, complete with data analysis. 2.2.5 DISCUSSION This chapter contains the interpretation of the results. The findings of the research should be compared and contrasted with those of previous studies presented in the literature review. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the findings and the outcomes of the research in relation to the results that have been obtained. 2.2.6 CONCLUSION In this chapter, the findings are summarized and their implications discussed. This section may include suggestions for future work. 2.2.7 REFERENCES All works or studies referred to in the research report/dissertation/thesis in the form of quotations or citations must be included in the references. The references should be written consistently in the American Psychological Association (APA) format or in another format approved by the Faculty. Each reference should be written in single spacing format and a double space should be left between references. This list of references should not be numbered. Please refer to the University of Malaya Library APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition). The guide can be downloaded at the following link: http://www.umlib.um.edu.my/publications/apa-guide.pdf or Google search using "APA format um" or "APA format umlib" to go directly to the download link. The University recommends the use of EndNote software for organizing and managing citations, bibliographies and references.
  18. 18. 13 2.3 SUPPLEMENTARY Specific items which were not included in the main body of the text, should be put in this Supplementary Section. Typically, this section includes the following: 2.3.1 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS PRESENTED Published works as well as papers presented at conferences, seminars, symposiums etc pertaining to the research topic of the research report/ dissertation/ thesis are suggested be included in this section. The first page of the article may also be appended as reference. 2.3.2 APPENDIX Appendices consist of research instruments, additional illustration of data sources, raw data and quoted citations which are too long to be placed in the text. The appendix section supports the written text of the research report/dissertation/thesis by including materials that can provide additional information. These materials include tables, charts, computer programmes and questionnaires, for example:  Research data, tables, examples of questionnaires, maps, photos and other materials that are too long to be included in the text or are not directly required to comprehend the text can be included as appendices. Tables and graphics that are more than two pages long should be put in the appendix section.  Appendices are labelled as APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, etc depending on the type and quantity of the materials
  19. 19. 14 3. FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 PAPER QUALITY, PRINTING AND DUPLICATING The research report/dissertation/thesis should be printed, single-sided, on high quality white A4 paper (201 × 297 mm; 80 grams). Computer pin-feed printout paper is not permitted. The research report/dissertation/thesis, in softcover or hardbound copies, must be typed and duplicated by offset printing or good quality photocopying. All copies must be clean and neat in order to ensure easy reading. 3.1.1 TYPING AND PRINTING QUALITY The research report/dissertation/thesis must be typed using font type Times New Roman, font size 12 (except for tables and figures), using Microsoft Word version 6.0 or later, or similar word-processing software. Words in a language that is different from the language of the research report/dissertation/thesis must be typed in italics. Text should be typed on one side of a paper only. Chapter titles should be typed with capital letters and centred between the left and right margins. Each chapter must begin on a new page. Chapters and subchapters should be titled. Titles should be typed in bold without underline. For mathematical texts, the use of Equation Editor or LaTeX is advisable. Script fonts are not permitted. A high quality laser or ink-jet printer should be used for the printing. 3.1.2 LINE SPACING The body of the text should be typed with double spacing. Single-spacing is only permitted in tables, long quotations, footnotes, citation and in the references. The first sentence of a new paragraph should not start at the bottom of a page if the space available can only fit one line. 3.1.3 MARGINS The text should have the following margins: Top : 2.0 cm or 0.79 inch Right : 2.0 cm or 0.79 inch Left : 4.0 cm or 1.57 inch Bottom : 2.0 cm or 0.79 inch
  20. 20. 15 Additional guidelines need to be followed:  Do not type more than one sentence after the bottom margin. If it is necessary to do so, it should only be for a footnote or the completion of the last sentence of the chapter, topic or sub-topic or information in a figure.  All tables and figures must be placed within the specified margins.  The last paragraph of the page should contain at least two sentences. If it does not, the paragraph should begin on the next page. 3.1.4 PAGE NUMBERING All page numbers should be printed 1.0 cm from the bottom edge of the page and placed at the right-hand side without any punctuation. The page numbering system must conform to the following rules:  The page numbers should be placed at the right hand side without any punctuation.  Font type Times New Roman and font size 8 recommended for numbers.  Roman numerals (i, ii, iii etc) should be used in the Preface section. The first page of the thesis, the title page, is an unnumbered page ‗i'. Numbering begins on the second page with (ii).  Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) are used on the pages of the text (starting with the introduction page) and supplementary sections. 3.1.5 NUMBERING OF CHAPTERS AND SUB-CHAPTERS Chapters and sub-chapters must be numbered using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 etc). Chapters are numbered CHAPTER 1, CHAPTER 2, CHAPTER 3, and so on. Sub-chapters are nested, but its numbering is not indented, up to a maximum of 4 levels as in the example shown below: CHAPTER 2 First level (Chapter title) 2.1 Level 2 (sub-title); 2.1.1 Level 3 (sub-sub-title); 2.1.1.1 Level 4 (sub-sub-sub-title) Approximately 1 cm 2 cm In line with text
  21. 21. 16 The use of letters in parenthesis in the main body for e.g., (a), (b), (c) is appropriate as a means of differentiating sub-topics of the same topic. However, it is not required to be listed in the Table of Content. If a chapter title or chapter sub-title at any level exceeds a single line, the spacing between the lines must be the same as that of the text (double- spacing). Subsequent sub-chapters beyond the fourth nesting level must be numbered using alphabets; (a), (b), (c).. etc 3.1.6 FOOTNOTES There are differences in the use of footnotes in various disciplines. For example, footnotes are commonly used in Social Sciences but rarely in Science and Technology. However candidates are advised to limit the use of footnotes unless they are proved necessary to the document. Footnotes are used to elaborate or provide additional information regarding matters discussed in that page. Footnotes are recorded using Arabic numeric and numbered consecutively. Raised superscript numerals in the text refer to explanatory notes and documented sources appearing either at the bottom of the page as footnotes or at the end of the thesis as endnotes in a notes section. The advantage of using notes is that explanatory type of information can be presented along with source citations on the same page or place. Footnotes should use a smaller font than the text (font size 8). When using footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes (—) and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses. For example, the text: ______ Scientists examined—over several years1 —the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.2 (These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.3 ) ______ Footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page on which they appear. 1 While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this particular species. Please refer to the faculty for the recommended convention for writing of footnotes.
  22. 22. 17 3.1.7 TABLES Tables are printed within the body of the text at the centre of the frame and labelled according to the chapter in which they appear. Thus, for example, tables in Chapter 3 are numbered sequentially: Table 3.1, Table 3.2. The label should be placed above the table itself and has the following format: Table 3.1: Short Title Heading Heading Text Text If the table occupies more than one page, the continued table on the following page should indicate that it is a continuation, for example: ‗Table 3.7, continued'. The header row should also be repeated. If the table contains a citation, the source of the reference should be placed below the table. 3.1.8 FIGURES Figures, like tables are printed within the body of the text at the centre of the frame and labelled according to the chapter in which they appear. Thus, for example, figures in Chapter 3 are numbered sequentially: Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2. Figures, unlike text or tables, contain graphs, illustrations or photographs and their labels are placed at the bottom of the figure rather than at the top (using the same format used for tables). Figure 3.1: Title If the figure occupies more than one page, the continued figure on the following page should indicate that it is a continuation: for example: ‗Figure 3.7, continued'. If the figure contains a citation, the source of the reference should be placed at the bottom, after the label. 0 10 20 30 40 Sample Test Example
  23. 23. 18 3.1.9 BINDING The five (5) printed copies (or such numbers as may be determined by the Faculty) of the research reports/dissertations/theses for the purpose of examination should be softbound, and two (2) final copies (or such numbers as may be determined by the Faculty) to be deposited in the University should be hardbound. The title of research report/dissertation/thesis, name of author, name of the university and year of submission must be printed on the front cover. The spine of the manuscripts should show the title of research report/dissertation/thesis, name of author, year of submission and type of degree. The cover for both soft and hard bound copies should be made from rexine and the colour should be navy blue for research report and dark red or maroon for dissertation/thesis. The letters for the Front Cover should be printed in gold of font size 16, font type Arial Narrow, bold and in uppercase letters. The thesis cover must be of A4 size (210mm x 297mm). Front Cover Colour of Dissertation/Thesis Front Cover Colour of Research Report The examples are shown in Appendices D1, D2, D3 and D4. The author's name, the title of research (or the abbreviated title of research, if permitted) the year the thesis is approved and the level of study must be stated on the spine, as shown in APPENDIX E1 and E2. 3.1.10 LENGTH The maximum length for a submission for examination: Research Report : 30,000 words Dissertation : 40,000 words (all mixed-mode programmes except for the Master of Laws) : 60,000 words (all research mode programmes except for the Master of Laws) For the degree of Master of Laws by research, a dissertation of not exceeding 75,000 words is required. For the mixed-mode of Master of Laws, a dissertation of not more than 60,000 words is required. Doctoral Thesis : 100,000 words
  24. 24. 19 The maximum length of words excludes footnotes, appendices, tables and prefaces. A candidate who wishes to exceed the number of words specified must apply to the Senate through the respective Faculty at least three months before the submission of the research report/dissertation/thesis for examination and provide reasons for the inability to adhere to the prescribed length. 3.1.11 OTHER INFORMATION A candidate may not resubmit previous research work which he or she has submitted to this or any other University for the award of a degree. The candidate may, however, incorporate any part of such work, provided that there is a clear indication in the research report/dissertation/thesis of its sources. The candidate may also include any other printed or published work by an individual or a working group to validate his or her findings. Where the contribution is from a working group, the candidate is required to provide a statement indicating which part of the work was carried out by the candidate. The statement should be signed by the rest of the group indicating their consent (this may be included in the Appendix). Approved research reports/dissertations/theses or parts of their content are allowed for publication if they are accompanied by a statement that the work was conducted towards the fulfilment of a particular degree. All research mode candidates are required to publish papers in WoS (ISI) or category A or B refereed journal based on the work during the course of study, and due reference must be made to the University in all such papers.
  25. 25. 20 4. SUBMISSION A candidate is required to submit the ―Notice of Submission of Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis‖ online via student portal at least three months before the actual date of submission. Go to http://myum.um.edu.my, click the "Research" icon and then click ―Thesis‖. Submission of research report/dissertation/thesis has to be done within the candidature period. Five (5) printed softbound copies (or such numbers as may be determined by the Faculty) of the research report/dissertation/thesis for the purpose of examination and a softcopy preferably in PDF format should be submitted together with the ―Submission of Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis for Examination/Re-examination‖ form (Appendix B). Two (2) hardbound copies (or such numbers as may be determined by the Faculty) of the final research report/dissertation/thesis should be submitted to the Dean or Director's office after the final corrections or amendments (if any) have been made, together with the ―Final Submission for Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis form (Appendix C). All the required forms can be downloaded from the IGS website at ―Current Students‖ > ―Home‖ > ―Download Forms‖. Masters candidates submit their research reports and dissertations to their respective faculty and Doctoral candidates submit their theses to the Thesis Unit of IGS.
  26. 26. 21 5. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 5.1 REFERENCES The use of the American Psychological Association (APA) parenthetical citation system is highly recommended by the University. Please refer to the ‗APA Formatting and Style Guide' prepared by the UM library (please refer to the following link). http://www.umlib.um.edu.my/publications/APA-Guide.pdf Candidates are recommended to use the EndNote software or any other reference management software for easy preparation of citation in the test and the reference listing. Candidates are also encouraged to use the Turnitin, an online web-based plagiarism detection application to avoid plagiarism and ensure academic integrity. The Student Development and Writing Unit of IGS organizes weekly EndNote and Turnitin tutorials for postgraduate candidates to familiarize themselves with the applications. The tutorials are conducted at the IGS Computer Lab and they are free of charge. 5.2 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT The International System of Units (SI) must be used for all scientific and laboratory data. If other units of measurement are used, they need to be converted to SI units and placed in parenthesis. 5.3 RESEARCH ETHICS Research Ethics involves all the moral and professional issues relating to research. The most serious breach of ethical standards in writing research report/dissertation/thesis is the offence of plagiarism: the expropriation of the intellectual property of another. Plagiarism is defined as the use of original work, ideas or actual texts created by others, without acknowledging the original source. Such acknowledgement should be made by: a) including the source in the references; and/or b) including the citation by acknowledging the source in the text.
  27. 27. 22 For example: „Civic education turned away from concentrating on the founding to concentrating on openness based on history and social science‟ (Bloom, 1987). If the quoted citation contains more than four sentences, it should be placed within a paragraph of its own with a 1 cm indentation. For example: The general theory of relativity, on its own, cannot explain these features or answer these questions because of its prediction that the universe started off with infinite density at the big bang singularity. At the singularity, general relativity and all other physical laws break down: one couldn‟t predict what will come out of the singularity (Hawking, 1988). If only part of the quotation is cited, the citation should be marked with an ellipsis (…), for example: „There must be give and take, with the teacher being a participant as well as leader and … a source of answers‟ (Sizer, 1984). If the author interprets the writings of others, the interpretation should be placed in a square parenthesis, for example: ‗The principle [sanctity of contracts] is closely associated with that of freedom of contract…‟ (Peden, 1982). If a primary source cannot be found, the candidate is allowed to quote the secondary source in the text. Both sources need to be acknowledged, for example: Skinner (1968), quoted by Conant (1972), was... The final research report/dissertation/thesis submitted must be produced by the candidate.
  28. 28. 23 APPENDIX A - THREE MONTHS NOTICE SUBMISSION
  29. 29. 24 APPENDIX B - SUBMISSION OF THESIS/DISSERTATION FOR EXAMINATION/RE-EXAMINATION FORM UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA PENYERAHAN TESIS/DISERTASI UNTUK PEMERIKSAAN/PEMERIKSAAN SEMULA SUBMISSION OF THESIS/DISSERTATION FOR EXAMINATION/RE-EXAMINATION FORMAT TESIS (Calon Ijazah Doktoral Sahaja - sila tanda √ ) THESIS FORMAT (Doctoral Degree Candidates only - Please tick √ ) Unpublished work thesis (regular thesis) Thesis by published work / Prior publications BAHAGIAN A – BUTIR-BUTIR CALON (UNTUK DIISI OLEH CALON) SECTION A – CANDIDATE'S DETAILS (TO BE COMPLETED BY THE CANDIDATE) Nama Calon Name of Candidate : Program Programme : No. Matrik Matric No. : Fakulti Faculty : Alamat Surat-Menyurat Mailing Address : No. Telefon Bimbit Mobile Phone No. : No. Telefon Pejabat Office Phone No. : E-mel E-mail : Tajuk Tesis / Disertasi (dalam huruf besar) : Title of Thesis/Dissertation (Block letters) :
  30. 30. 25 APPENDIX C - FINAL SUBMISSION OF THESIS/DISSERTATION FORM UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA PENYERAHAN AKHIR TESIS/DISERTASI FINAL SUBMISSION FOR THESIS/DISSERTATION Peringatan kepada calon: Calon dikehendaki mengikut format penyediaan tesis/disertasi yang telah ditetapkan oleh Universiti sebelum membuat penghantaran kepada Fakulti/IPS. Reminder to candidate: Candidate is required to follow the format of thesis/dissertation preparation imposed by the University before submission of thesis to the Faculty/IGS. BAHAGIAN A – BUTIR-BUTIR CALON (UNTUK DIISI OLEH CALON) SECTION A – CANDIDATE'S DETAILS (TO BE COMPLETED BY THE CANDIDATE) Nama Calon Name of Candidate : Program Programme : No. Matrik Matric No. : Fakulti Faculty : Alamat Surat-Menyurat Mailing Address : No. Telefon Bimbit Mobile Phone No. : No. Telefon Pejabat Office Phone No. : E-mel : E-mail : Tajuk Tesis / Disertasi (dalam huruf besar) : Title of Thesis/Dissertation (Block letters) :
  31. 31. 26 APPENDIX D1 – FRONT COVER Example of the Front Cover of Research Report / Dissertation/Thesis: Front Cover Colour of Dissertation/Thesis Front Cover Colour of Research Report TITLE OF RESEARCH REPORT / DISSERTATION / THESIS NAME OF CANDIDATE FACULTY OF …… UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA 201… 5 cm 5 cm 4 cm 4 cm
  32. 32. 27 APPENDIX D2 – FRONT COVER FORMAT FACULTY/ ACADEMY/ INSTITUTE/CENTRE WHERE CANDIDATE IS REGISTERED YEAR OF SUBMISSION TITLE OF RESEARCH THAT HAS BEEN APPROVED BY THE FACULTY/SENATE NAME OF CANDIDATE AS REGISTERED WITH THE UNIVERSITY GOLD LETTERING, FONT ARIAL NARROW, SIZE 16, BOLD, 1.15 PT. LINE SPACING
  33. 33. 28 APPENDIX D3 - SAMPLE OF SOFTBOUND COPY (SUBMISSION FOR EXAMINATION)
  34. 34. 29 APPENDIX D4 - SAMPLE OF HARDBOUND COPY (FINAL SUBMISSION)
  35. 35. 30 APPENDIX E1 – SPINE FORMAT NAMEOF CANDIDATE TITLEOFRESEARCHREPORT/ DISSERTATION/THESIS M.Sc 2013 Approx 2 cm Approx 2 cm
  36. 36. 31 APPENDIX E2 - SPINE FORMAT EXAMPLE
  37. 37. 32 APPENDIX F - ELECTRONIC SOFT COPY FORMAT Electronic soft copy format in CD or pendrive to be submitted is required to have the following details in softcopy MsWord (doc.) atau PDF format (to be saved as a file in the CD/Pendrive), AND printed on the CD sleeve with Calibri font size 11: 1. Name 2. Matric No. 3. Title of Thesis 4. Faculty 5. Year Label softcopy format (File to be saved in the CD) Printed label format (inside the CD sleeve/case)
  38. 38. 33 APPENDIX G1 – TITLE PAGE (RESEARCH REPORT) Example of the Title Page of a Research Report: TITLE OF RESEARCH REPORT NAME OF CANDIDATE SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 201x
  39. 39. 34 APPENDIX G2 – TITLE PAGE (DISSERTATION) Example of the Title Page of a Dissertation (Research Mode and Mixed-Mode): TITLE OF DISSERTATION NAME OF CANDIDATE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY NAME OF FACULTY / ACADEMY/ INSTITUTE / CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 201x
  40. 40. 35 APPENDIX G3 – TITLE PAGE (THESIS) Example of the Title Page of a Thesis: TITLE OF THESIS NAME OF CANDIDATE THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY/MEDICINE/PUBLIC HEALTH NAME OF FACULTY / ACADEMY / INSTITUTE / CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 201x
  41. 41. 36 APPENDIX H1 - ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM (ENGLISH)
  42. 42. 37 APPENDIX H2 - ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM (MALAY)
  43. 43. 38 APPENDIX J1 - SAMPLE OF ABSTRACT (SOCIAL SCIENCES) ABSTRACT The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is a tool, developed by the European Commission, which has been used as a base in the development of curricular documents in many countries. This would suggest a high level of similarity between the language teachings in different European countries, but how similar are they really? The aim of this thesis is to make a comparison between the general approach to foreign language teaching in two European countries, Spain and Sweden. It is important to note that the purpose has only been to find out what differences and similarities can be found between the two countries and not to make any kind of judgement as to what English teaching is preferable. A design consisting of two methods has been used to carry out the investigation: text analysis and in-depth interviews. As a complement to the text analysis, interviews have been made with two English teachers from each country. The results that were found show that the two syllabi are similar in the way that both have been inspired by the CEFR and both promote Communicative Language Teaching. However, they also show several rather striking differences. The Spanish syllabus appears, for example, to focus much more on grammatical and phonetic knowledge than the Swedish one does. This study shows that there are many differences between the language teaching in Spain and Sweden, despite the fact that both syllabi relate to the CEFR. iii
  44. 44. 39 APPENDIX J2 - SAMPLE OF ABSTRACT (SCIENCE) ABSTRACT The efficacy of vaccines against major encapsulated bacterial pathogens – Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) – has been significantly enhanced by conjugating the respective polysaccharides with different carrier proteins. Five carrier proteins are in use at present: diphtheria toxoid; non-toxic cross-reactive material of diphtheria toxin (CRM197); tetanus toxoid (TT); N. meningitidis outer membrane protein (OMP); and non-typeable H. influenzae- derived protein D. There is no absolute safety benefit of one carrier protein over another; however, OMP and TT have slightly higher injection site reaction rates. Data are conflicting as to which carrier protein is the most immunogenic. Coadministration of conjugate vaccines bearing the same carrier protein has the potential for inducing either positive or negative effects on vaccine immunogenicity (immune interference). Clinical studies on the co-administration of conjugate vaccines reveal conflicting data with respect to immune interference and it is not definitively known how this impacts on vaccine efficacy, except for UK reports of reduced immunogenicity to meningocococcal vaccine. iii
  45. 45. 40 APPENDIX K – EXAMPLE OF MAIN BODY Font: Times New Roman Size: 12 Double-spacing Footer Font: Times New Roman Size: 8 Mathematical text: Font: Equation editor / LaTeX Size: 12 Double-spacing Page numbering: Font: Times New Roman Size: 8 LEFT Alignment : 4 cm RIGHT Alignment : 2 cm TOP Alignment : 2 cm BOTTON Alignment : 2 cm

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